Mayur's BLOG

In many cases, the GRUB boot loader can mistakenly be deleted, corrupted, or replaced by other operating systems.

The following steps detail the process on how GRUB is reinstalled on the master boot record:

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Boot the system from an installation boot medium.
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Type linux rescue at the installation boot prompt to enter the rescue environment.
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Type chroot /mnt/sysimage to mount the root partition.
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Type /sbin/grub-install /dev/hda to reinstall the GRUB boot loader, where /dev/hda is the boot partition.
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Review the /boot/grub/grub.conf file, as additional entries may be needed for GRUB to control additional operating systems.
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Reboot the system.

There are so many great tutorials on the web about setting up a Linux box for web hosting, but why not add one more… right? Actually this tutorial is written specifically for a co worker that is not familiar with Linux, so this tutorial is being offered to “assist” him with the migration process. His old hosting company provided him with CPanel and he is reluctant to change, but who in their right mind would pass up hosting at the price of “free ninty-nine”.

By no means is this a guide for all new linux user, but just a compilation of things learned while setting up web services on a Linux box in the past.

The first step, but not always a necessary step is setting up a new user. This is the preferred way to start as the /etc/skel has been preloaded with all the necessary directories and files to get new users started. If you are going to be a system administrator and you are not familiar with the /etc/skel/, please take some time learn more information about placing files in the /etc/skel/ directory to save time setting up new users. You can put default web directory such as www or public_html plus any other files and or directories you want to give to all new users.

To setup a new user you can simply use the following command (replace username with the username you want to use)

adduser -m username

Now that you have created the account, it is best to setup a password for the account. You can assign a password to the account using the following command

passwd username

You should be prompted to enter in the new password and then confirm the password. Assume a new account needs to be setup with the username of ditto. When you run the passwd ditto command you should be prompted for the password as follows.

Changing password for user ditto.
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:

Your new account is almost ready to start putting files up for the web. One thing to pass along to new system administrators is that you have to make sure you setup the right permissions on this new account so it is strongly suggested that you do this now.

Now the path to the new account may differ depending on your server. Assume for now that new users are setup in the /home/ directory. Assuming your new user “ditto” was created successfully, the new account for ditto should be /home/ditto/. Any files in your /etc/skel/ directory would be there as well. You can check this by using the following command to change directories and list the contents of the directory

cd /home/ditto && ls

In this example we have two folders for our user ditto and they are the public_html and wwwconf directories.

To change the permissions on the users ditto directory so it can be viewed by visitors, the permissions on the ditto directory must be changed to something like 755. This can be done to just ditto directory using following command:

chmod 755 /home/ditto

If you don’t know what 755 is as far as permissions, pause this tutorial and take the time to learn about chmod and what the different permissions will do for you.

Now comes the part where many configurations likely differ depending on what you have installed to run on your server. This tutorial opts to save a core httpd related .conf file in one httpd directory (conf.d) and then from there look for more .conf files in the user directory called wwwconf/. This setup is not the only one possibility in the universe and if you have an older setup or wish to do it differently that is your choice.

You can start your .conf file by copying a current one or creating a new one in your httpd/conf.d/ directory. This tutorial will assume that directory is located at /etc/httpd/conf.d/. Creat your new .conf file in vi or vim by using the following command.

sudo vim web.ditto.com.conf

This is going to be the core configuration file for your virtualhost. You will need to start the virtualhost using the tag:



The VirutalHost directive is used to enclose a group of directives which will apply only to a particular virtual host. Inside this directive you will put all the information pertaining to your site. You can put the email address to your ServerAdmin, the absolute path to the Document Root, the ServerName and any ServerAlias

ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
Documentroot /home/ditto/public_html/
ServerName www.ditto.com
ServerAlias ditto.com

Now it is necessary to give Apache some directives that will apply to our public_html directory. To do this you will create another node inside the VirtualHost node named Directory. The Directory node here is used to enclose a group of directives which will apply only to the named directory and sub-directories of that directory (in this case the public_html directory).


Options ExecCGI FollowSymLinks +Includes


This tells Apache that the execution of CGI scripts is permitted, the server will follow symbolic links in this directory, and that server-side includes are permitted.

You will also like to have some type of error log as is very useful when troubleshooting an issue on the box, so be sure to include the following code for error logging. You can access the logs in your httpd/logs directory

ErrorLog logs/ditto.error
CustomLog logs/ditto.log combined

Now for the customized part. In order to let the user create their own Directory options another Directory directive is created that will point to a folder where other options/modifications can be made by the account user.


AllowOverride All


What this does is allows ditto to ftp or ssh into the box and create a .conf file with their own directives and options in the wwwconf/ directory. The directive inside the above tag says any directive which has the .htaccess context is allowed in .htaccess files. After this tag is closed, it can be followed up with

Include /home/ditto/wwwconf/*.conf

which tells Apache to grab any file with .conf in the wwwconf/ directory of ditto (if you didn’t know it already, the “*” is a wildcard here).

That should do it. You can now put an end to your VirtualHost node (if you have not already) and your end result should look something like


ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
Documentroot /home/ditto/public_html/
ServerName www.ditto.com
ServerAlias ditto.com

Options ExecCGI FollowSymLinks +Includes

ErrorLog logs/ditto.error
CustomLog logs/ditto.log combined

AllowOverride All

Include /home/ditto/wwwconf/*.conf


You can now save this in the httpd/conf.d/ folder. Now if you want to add a mod re-wite or make a password protected directory in public_html, you can add a .conf file to the wwwconf directory and save my changes there. There is still one more command to use in order for all of this to work and that is the command to restart the httpd service. This can be done very easily using the following command.

service httpd restart

If you are running on an older system, this command may not be recognized. In those cases you should be able to use

/etc/init.d/httpd restart

Assuming you didn’t get any errors when you restarted the httpd service your web service should now be working. If you get an error, be sure to address it right away. Most common issues are invalid paths in the tags or missing directories that the tags are directed too.

Hopefully this tutorial was helpful to at least one user out there. This tutorial will be followed up next by a tutorial that will help you setup subdomains, create password protected directories and create mod rewrites.